Optimal Hierarchical Control for Smart Grid Inverters Using Stability Margin Evaluating Transient Voltage for Photovoltaic System

This research proposed an optimal control approach for a smart grid electrical system with photovoltaic generation, where the variables are voltage and frequency, which aims to improve performance through addressing need balance between minimization of error operational cost. The scheme incorporates latest advancements in heuristics hierarchical strategies provide efficient effective solution control. Implementing power is expected bring significant benefits, such as reduced impact renewable energy sources, improved stability, reliability efficiency grid, enhanced overall performance. coefficient values found by minimizing cost functions, leads more output response steady state over-damped, no overshoot, but 5% oscillation around target level that remains consistent. Despite complexity nonlinear elements’ behavior multiple interactions, time fast settling less than 0.4 s. means even increase load, still meets requirements system, ensuring systems.